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  • SECTION 1. History of the car
    • 1.1 Introduction
    • 1.2 The story of the transformation of a self-propelled carriage into modern car
  • SECTION 2. The main types of bodies and wheel formula
    • 2.1 Types of car bodies
    • 2.2 Wheel formula
    • 2.3 Car classification
  • SECTION 3. Components of the car and layout diagrams
    • 3.1 Basic elements of a passenger car
    • 3.2 Layout of car units
    • 3.3 The main technical characteristics of the car
  • SECTION 4. Engine
    • 4.1 About engines in general
    • 4.2 The simplest single-cylinder internal combustion engine (ICE)
    • 4.3 Engine classifications
    • 4.4 Main engine specifications
    • 4.5 Gas distribution mechanism (timing)
    • 4.6 Cylinder head
    • 4.7 Cylinder block and crank mechanism
    • 4.8 Engine cooling system
    • 4.9 Engine lubrication system
    • 4.10 Intake and exhaust system
    • 4.11 Power system (fuel system). The main differences between gasoline and diesel engines
    • 4.12 Power supply system of modern engines
  • SECTION 5. Transmission
    • 5.1 Purpose of transmission
    • 5.2 Mechanical transmission
    • 5.3 Automatic transmission
    • 5.4 Main gear and differential. Purpose, device and types
    • 5.5 Drive shafts and joints. Purpose, device and types
    • 5.6 4 wheel drive cars
  • SECTION 6. Chassis
    • 6.1 Purpose, device and types of car suspensions
    • 6.2 Wheels and tires. Device, purpose and marking
    • 6.3 Wheel alignment angles
  • SECTION 7. Brake system
    • 7.1 Braking control. Appointment
    • 7.2 Components of the brake system
    • 7.3 Scheme of work. Brake circuits
    • 7.4 Purpose and operation of the anti-lock braking system
  • SECTION 8. Steering
    • 8.1 Purpose and steering device
    • 8.2 Purpose and types of power steering
  • SECTION 9. Body and elements of the passive safety system
    • 9.1 Purpose and general structure of the body
    • 9.2 Car aerodynamics
    • 9.3 Airbags
    • 9.4 Seat belts and active headrests
    • 9.5 Pedestrian protection
    • 9.6 Chairs for transporting children
  • SECTION 10. Electrical equipment and electrical systems
    • 10.1 Electrical equipment and electrical systems
    • 10.2 Storage battery (accumulator battery). Purpose, device and types
    • 10.3 Battery maintenance. Safety precautions when servicing the battery
    • 10.4 Ignition system (only petrol engines)
    • 10.5 Preheating system (diesel engines only)
    • 10.6 Charging system. Generator, its structure and operation
    • 10.7 Starting system. Starter, its structure and work
    • 10.8 External lighting system. Purpose and principle of operation
    • 10.9 Glass cleaners and washers. Purpose and principle of operation
    • 10.10 Pointers and indicators
    • 10.11 Heating and air conditioning system. Purpose, device and principle of operation
  • SECTION 11. Car maintenance
    • 11.1 Car owner maintenance precautions
    • 11.2 Operations to be performed to keep the vehicle in good working order
    • 11.3 The simplest car maintenance operations
    • 11.4 Car maintenance schedule
  • ACCESSORIES
    • Driver's memo
    • Abbreviations
    • Dictionary

Purpose and types of power steering

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8.2.1 Purpose of the power steering

The dimensions and weight of cars of any class only increase over time. That’s why the use of rack-and-pinion steering gear is often insufficient for ensuring comfortable driving. The only correct engineering solution was the introduction of a booster in the steering system.

Nowadays, there are two types of power steering:

  • hydraulic;
  • electromechanical.

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8.2.2 Hydraulic power steering

The system with hydraulic power steering consists of the following elements:

  • pump (with expansion tank);
  • check valve;
  • servo unit;
  • working fluid itself.

The pump creates an excess pressure of the working fluid in the system. When the steering wheel rotates, the control valve shifts and opens the channel for the working fluid under pressure into the servo unit. The servo unit contains a piston, which is connected through the rod to the steering trapezoid. Under the pressure of the working fluid, the piston moves, creating additional force on the steering wheel, thereby reducing the force required of the driver to rotate the steering wheel.

Depending on the direction in which the steering wheel rotates, the working fluid under pressure is fed into the cavity above or below the piston.

When the steering wheel is located in the center, the pump pumps the working fluid without any load, virtually idle. As soon as the steering wheel starts turning, the fluid pressure inside the system increases and reaches a maximum at the extreme (right or left) position of the steering wheel.

Figure 8.8 Functional diagram of the hydraulic power steering system.

Figure 8.9 Steering gear with hydraulic power steering..

Note
In a vehicle with a hydraulic power steering, it is forbidden to hold the steering wheel in one of the extreme positions for a long time, because this may damage the booster pump.

The pump can be driven by a belt from the engine or from a separate electric motor.

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8.2.3 Electromechanical power steering

Hydraulic drive of power steering is rather "picky": it is necessary to regularly monitor all connections in order to detect and eliminate leaks of the working fluid in time. In addition, there is a possibility of clogging of the working fluid. In case if it is necessary to remove the steering gear, there is a need to drain this fluid. And when filling the hydraulic drive with fresh liquid, it is necessary to perform operations for removing air from the system. Electromechanical power steering is quite another matter: there is no working liquid, branch pipes, pumping, and there is the electric motor and the control unit, which controls frequency of rotation of a steering wheel. The control unit also monitors the car's speed and steering angles. At certain speed values, it can send a signal to the electric motor in order to "clamp" or "release" the steering wheel.

Note
The terms "clamp" and "release" in relation to the steering wheel were invented by journalists. They m6дюБean an increase or decrease in the effort, which is required to turn the steering wheel, respectively.

There are several methods of installation of the electric motor of the booster:

  • on the steering column;
  • on a steering shaft gear wheel;
  • on the steering gear.

Numerous tests of cars with the electromechanical power steering have proven that installation of the electric motor on the steering gear is the optimum method, because it helps achieving the best feedback from a steering.

Figure 8.10 Example of steering with electromechanical booster on the steering column.

Note
Feedback from the steering means connection with the road. After all, when we turn the steering wheel, the wheels turn, thus affecting the road. And while driving a lot of forces act on the wheel that are associated with its rolling. Thus, happens the transfer of all these forces from the road to the wheel and then to the steering wheel and is the feedback. This feedback is expressed mainly in a proportionally increasing force on the steering wheel, which depends on the steering angle and speed of the car. The term is most often used for cars with power steering.

In case if there is no feedback on the car with the power steering, then the force on the steering wheel does not change depending on the steering angle and the speed of the turn. When the car is stationary or moves slowly, the ease of turning the steering wheel is only for the better. However, when maneuvering at speed, the lack of proportionally increasing force on the steering wheel can play a nasty joke, because objective and subjective feelings will make it difficult to choose the only correct position of the steering wheel.

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